Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar disorder is characterised by extreme mood swings — from episodes of high energy and elevated mood (mania or hypomania) to periods of deep depression. With the right medication, therapy, and support, people with bipolar disorder can lead stable, fulfilling lives.
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This page provides general health information only. If you are in a mental health crisis, contact emergency services (112) or a crisis helpline immediately.
What is bipolar disorder?
Bipolar disorder involves distinct episodes of mania (or hypomania) and depression, with periods of stable mood in between. Bipolar I involves full manic episodes which can be severe enough to require hospitalisation. Bipolar II involves less intense hypomanic episodes alternating with significant depression.
The condition is frequently misdiagnosed — particularly as depression alone — because people often seek help during depressive episodes rather than during elevated mood states. An accurate diagnosis is critical, as antidepressants alone can trigger a manic episode in bipolar disorder.
Symptoms
During mania or hypomania
- Elevated, expansive, or irritable mood
- Reduced need for sleep without feeling tired
- Racing thoughts, increased talkativeness, and inflated self-esteem
- Impulsive or reckless behaviour — spending, risky decisions, or sexual disinhibition
During depression
- Persistent low mood, hopelessness, and loss of interest in activities
- Fatigue, changes in sleep, and appetite disturbance
- Difficulty concentrating and making decisions
- Thoughts of self-harm or suicide
Causes
Bipolar disorder has a strong genetic component — having a first-degree relative with the condition significantly increases risk. Brain chemistry and structure, as well as significant life stressors or major changes (including moving abroad), can trigger episodes in those predisposed.
When to see a doctor
Seek help if you experience significant mood episodes affecting your work, relationships, or safety. If you are already diagnosed, review your treatment if your current medication is not maintaining stability or if you are experiencing side effects.
If you are having thoughts of self-harm or suicide, contact emergency services (112) or a mental health crisis line immediately. Bipolar disorder carries a serious risk of self-harm during depressive episodes — please reach out for help.
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No referral, no waiting room. Online consultations available within 24 hours.
Treatment options
- Mood stabilisers — lithium remains the gold standard for long-term prevention of episodes
- Anticonvulsants — valproate and lamotrigine are effective mood stabilisers, particularly for bipolar II
- Atypical antipsychotics — for managing acute manic episodes and as maintenance therapy
- Psychoeducation — understanding the condition, recognising early warning signs, and building a relapse prevention plan
- CBT adapted for bipolar disorder — helps manage mood triggers and develop coping strategies
- Lifestyle structure — regular sleep, routine, exercise, and avoiding alcohol are essential for mood stability
How eMedClinic can help
Our psychiatrists provide online assessments and ongoing management for bipolar disorder. We can review existing diagnoses, adjust medication where needed, and provide continuity of care for those who have moved abroad and lost contact with their previous psychiatrist. Stable care should not be interrupted by geography.
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