PCOS
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common hormonal conditions in women of reproductive age, affecting up to 1 in 10. It causes irregular periods, elevated androgens, and small cysts on the ovaries — and can affect fertility, skin, weight, and mental health. With the right medical support, symptoms are very manageable.
Speak to an English-speaking gynaecologist about PCOS assessment or management. No referral needed.
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This page provides general health information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice.
What is PCOS?
PCOS is diagnosed when at least two of three criteria are present: irregular or absent ovulation (causing irregular periods), elevated androgens (male hormones), and polycystic ovaries on ultrasound. Not all women with PCOS have all three features — the condition presents differently in different people.
PCOS is associated with insulin resistance in many women, which links it to a higher risk of type 2 diabetes and cardiovascular disease later in life. Early diagnosis and management reduces these long-term risks significantly.
Symptoms
- Irregular, infrequent, or absent periods
- Excess facial or body hair (hirsutism) — due to elevated androgens
- Acne — often jawline, chin, and neck distribution
- Hair thinning or loss from the scalp
- Weight gain — particularly around the abdomen; difficulty losing weight
- Difficulty conceiving due to irregular ovulation
- Low mood and anxiety — significantly more prevalent in PCOS
- Pelvic discomfort — from enlarged ovaries or follicles
Causes
The exact cause of PCOS is not fully understood, but insulin resistance and elevated insulin levels drive excess androgen production in the ovaries. Genetic factors play a significant role — PCOS runs strongly in families. Lifestyle factors including diet, physical activity, and body weight all influence severity.
When to see a doctor
See a doctor if you have irregular periods, signs of excess androgens, or are having difficulty conceiving. A blood test and ultrasound are used to confirm the diagnosis. Early assessment allows management to begin before complications develop.
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Treatment options
- Lifestyle changes — weight loss of even 5–10% significantly improves hormonal balance and restores ovulation in many women
- Combined oral contraceptive pill — regulates periods and reduces androgen-related symptoms
- Metformin — improves insulin sensitivity and restores menstrual regularity
- Anti-androgen medications (spironolactone) — for hirsutism and acne not responding to the pill
- Fertility treatment — clomifene or letrozole to induce ovulation; IVF if needed
- Treatment for acne and hirsutism — topical treatments, laser hair removal, and referral to dermatology
How eMedClinic can help
Our gynaecologists and endocrinologists provide PCOS assessments, arrange hormonal blood tests and ultrasound referrals, and build personalised management plans addressing your specific symptoms and goals — whether that is regulating periods, reducing acne, managing weight, or planning for pregnancy.
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