Cystitis
Cystitis is a bladder infection causing a burning sensation when urinating, frequent urges, and pelvic discomfort. It is one of the most frequent reasons women see a doctor. Most cases clear quickly with appropriate treatment — online consultation makes getting help fast and convenient.
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This page provides general health information only and is not a substitute for professional medical advice.
What is cystitis?
Cystitis is inflammation of the bladder lining, most often caused by bacteria — usually Escherichia coli (E. coli) from the bowel — entering the urethra and travelling to the bladder. It is far more common in women due to the shorter urethra, but can also affect men and children.
Recurrent cystitis — defined as two or more episodes in six months or three or more in a year — affects a significant number of women and warrants further investigation and a longer-term prevention strategy.
Symptoms
- Burning or stinging sensation when urinating
- Frequent and urgent need to urinate, often passing only small amounts
- Cloudy, dark, or strong-smelling urine
- Pain or pressure in the lower abdomen or pelvis
- Blood in the urine (haematuria) — pink or red-tinged urine
- Feeling unwell, tired, or feverish
If you develop a high fever, shaking chills, back or loin pain, or feel very unwell, you may have a kidney infection (pyelonephritis) — a more serious condition requiring prompt medical assessment and treatment.
Causes & risk factors
- Sexual activity — increases the risk of bacteria entering the urethra
- Wiping from back to front after using the toilet
- Use of spermicides or diaphragms
- Menopause — reduced oestrogen thins the urethral lining and alters vaginal flora
- Urinary catheterisation or recent urological procedures
- Diabetes — increases susceptibility to infections
- Structural urinary tract abnormalities
When to see a doctor
See a doctor if symptoms are severe, do not improve with self-care measures within 48 hours, are accompanied by fever or back pain, or if you are pregnant. Men, children, and older adults with UTI symptoms should always seek medical assessment.
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Treatment options
- Antibiotics — a short course (typically 3–7 days) clears most uncomplicated cystitis quickly
- Pain relief — paracetamol or ibuprofen for discomfort while waiting for antibiotics to work
- Increased fluid intake — helps flush bacteria from the bladder
- For recurrent cystitis: low-dose preventative antibiotics, vaginal oestrogen in post-menopausal women, or D-mannose supplementation
- Urine culture — recommended for recurrent or treatment-resistant cases to identify the specific bacteria and its antibiotic sensitivities
How eMedClinic can help
Our doctors can assess your symptoms, prescribe antibiotics where appropriate, and provide guidance on prevention for those with recurrent episodes. Online consultation is ideal for cystitis — you can get a prescription quickly without having to leave home when you are feeling unwell.
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